Sir Isaac Newton

 Although Newton is most known for his hypothesis of the law of gravity, his "Principia Mathematica" (1686), which contained the three principles of motion, had a significant impact on the European Enlightenment. Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman born in Woolsthorpe in 1643, started working on his theories about light, mathematics, and celestial mechanics while he was on vacation from Cambridge University. 

After several years of study, "Principia," a significant book that established the fundamental equations of motion and gravity, was published in 1687. In his second major work, "Opticks," Newton described the tests he conducted to ascertain the characteristics of light. The renowned scientist studied alchemy and Biblical history, and up to his death in 1727, he was master of the Royal Mint in England and president of the Royal Society of London.

 On January 4, 1643, at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, Isaac Newton was born. The majority of Newton's early years were spent with his maternal grandmother when his mother remarried. Newton was the son of a farmer who passed away three months before he was born. After an unsuccessful attempt to have him become a farmer, he attended the King's School in Grantham before enrolling at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge in 1661.

Newton pursued a classical education at Cambridge, but he soon developed a passion for the writings of contemporary philosophers like René Descartes. He even wrote a series of notes he labeled "Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae" ("Certain Philosophical Questions") to document his outside studies. Newton came home when Cambridge was shut down by the Great Plague in 1665 and started After arriving home, Newton started developing his theories on calculus, light, and color. His farm served as the backdrop for the alleged apple fall that served as the inspiration for his work on gravity.

The English astronomer Edmund Halley visited the isolated Newton in 1684. Halley persuaded him to arrange his notes after discovering that Newton had mathematically calculated the elliptical paths of celestial planets. 

"Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which established the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, was published as a consequence in 1687. According to Newton's three principles of motion, (1) every object in uniform motion will stay in that condition unless an outside force acts on it, (2) force equals mass times acceleration, or F=MA, and (3) there is an equal and opposite reaction to every action.

Principia" launched Newton into intellectual prominence and went on to win praise from all corners of the globe as one of the most significant contributions to contemporary science. His contributions laid the groundwork for the European Enlightenment.

Newton used his newly acquired power to resist King James II's attempts to reinstate Catholic teachings at English universities. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the assassination of King James II by his protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, and Newton was chosen to represent Cambridge in Parliament in 1689.

Newton was a passionate student of both religion and history, and his works on both subjects were collected into a number of publications that were released after his death. Newton, who never wed, spent his final years at Cranbury Park in the vicinity of Winchester, England, where he cohabitated with his niece. On March 31, 1727, he passed away peacefully and was interred in Westminster Abbey.

Newton is regarded as a towering figure even among the outstanding minds who sparked the Scientific Revolution and as a pivotal thinker, inventor, and author. By developing celestial mechanics, he dispelled any skepticism about the heliocentric concept of the cosmos, and his exact approach gave rise to what is now known as the scientific method. Despite the fact that Albert Einstein's ideas of space-time and gravity ultimately prevailed,

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